The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process Essay Example for Free

The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process Essay The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is not descriptive of a catalytic event but a chronic conflict that has persisted for more than half a century. The military and political ramifications of the conflict in Palestine and the Arab world are nothing but huge (Barsalou 2003; Bregman El-Tahiri 1998). For years the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has trudged on dotted with what has currently been accepted as twists and turns of small successes and persistent failure of the peace process at large. The underlying issues are as broad as the range of interventions that can be used to solve them but the political will to enforce recommendations has been lacking ever since Israel self declared its independence and Palestine in collaboration with the Arab world declared war on the Israeli state. However, the complexity of the eventualities that led to the collapse of the peace process can not forever prevent the success of any future interventions so long as key issues are straightened out. As the peace process remains stalled, any future intervention will have to desist from pushing partial agreements and instead advocate for a comprehensive and sustainable7 final status agreement. There is need to avoid sequenced confidence building strategies that had been prevalent with the past peace process negotiations. This is crucial to prevent the peace process from becoming a hostage to security. Instead both parties in the negotiation table should be encouraged to adopt a strategy that promotes a mutual and comprehensive ceasefire by both the Israelis and the Palestinians (Brown2009). The Israeli government should freeze all construction developments in occupied territories because these settlements are in contravention of international law. Abidance to such preliminary conditions is critical in driving the negotiations to sustainable resolution of underlying issues and subsequently the charting out of a final status document that is agreeable for all the negotiating parties. As the international community; the United States included, continues to provide support towards the democratization and the creation of the Palestinian state, it should be understood that such sovereignty cannot be achieved under conditions akin to military occupation, thus the ceasefires. It is a fact that with America spearheading the peace process, Palestinians and the Arab world will never believe in the impartiality of the mediator. Thus, if America is to continue being the mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, the United States must restore its credibility as an impartial and honest broker by adopting an even handed role. The nature of America’s Middle East foreign policies is a slap in the face of their supposed stance of impartiality. The military and economic cooperation with the Israelis will only serve to advance the understanding that America can only drive the negotiation to endpoints that are in congruence with its own interests and values such as the advancement of democracy and equal rights. Such positions even if unbiased in America’s perspective may not be in congruence with the desires of the Palestinian populace (Avineri 2001; Baddar 2007; Carpenter 2008). The failure of the United States to exert considerable pressure on Israel on important concessions of the peace process negotiations remain a great stumbling block to the realization of sustainable peace. As opposed to earlier formulations of the peace process, a sustainable peace process should allow the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process to be driven by principles of international law. This would mark a paradigm shift from the current status quo. Basing the peace negotiations on international law ensures the neutrality of mediation. Moreover, under international law, Israel will have to stop settlements in territories that are not recognized under international law as well as improving on the definition and clarity of negotiations based on neutrality. Additionally, such a shift would make the negotiations and the final resolution of the conflict acceptable to the international community. Only international law can level the playing field in the peace process negotiations. If such a strategy is used the final resolution will not only be reflection of justice but also ensure that the fundamental rights of the Palestinians are respected. If negotiations proceed as per the current status quo, the final resolutions that are not in congruence to international law may not be easy to implement. The international community and especially the United Nations should be involved in the pursuit of novel approaches of solving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (Daalder et al 2006). This call is not only urgent but late in coming. The failure of the Israeli-Palestinian peace processes has been partly attributable to the insistence of keeping out the United Nation in the peace negotiations. The specially scripted negotiations such as the Oslo Process and even the RoadMap to peace by various mediatory parties have only led to persistent stagnation and hopelessness among the Palestinians (Greenstein 2003; Rubenberg 2003). It is only in the best interest of the international community that the United Nations steps in to give the Palestinians hope and steer the peace process to sustainability. Finally, it should not be lot on all negotiating parties that any strategy should conclusively address and resolve the root causes of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In essence, the sidestepping of the real causative issues in the conflict has been at the core of the failures of the peace process. Infact, the conflict only arose when the native Palestinians were dispossessed of their land during the establishment of the State of Israel. Moreover, when it comes to the question of the Palestinian refugees, Israel has consistently refused to make an alteration on its position preferring instead to disregard the existence of legitimate rights of these populations. The important of the centrality of the refugee question based on international law is thus critical in future negotiations. In conclusion, the Palestinians must, as a matter of criticality in the peace process, accept the existence of Israel as a state because failure to accept that single historical eventuality will automatically stagnate the peace process. So long as the ideals of liberating Palestine from Israeli occupation coupled to the complex desires of the Muslim fundamentalists are supremely put to the fore in the negotiation process, Israel will undoubtedly maintain its hard-line stance on the need to protect its citizens from external extremist attacks and consequently continue to create a buffer zone between Israel and Palestine. The political instability of Palestine is also a detriment to the pursuit of lasting peace. Palestine must strive to create a stable government that is not only representative of the entire Palestinian populace but also possess the full political and military authority to upkeep the recommendations of the peace process. In this stride, the international community should help Palestinians through interventions that are acceptable to the world at large because the ongoing extremism, fundamentalism and resultant political instability is not beneficial to pursuit of global peace and security. References Avineri, S. (2001). A Realistic U. S Role in the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://www. carnegieendowment. org/publications/index. cfm? fa=viewid=866 Baddar, Omar. (2007). US Policy and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Hotel InterContinental, New Orleans, LA, Jan 03, 2007 Not Available. 2009-02-04 http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p154225_index. html Barsalou, J. (2003). The Long Road to Palestinian Reform. Middle East Policy; 10:1, 154-164 Bregman, A. , El-Tahiri,J. (1998). The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs. London: Penguin,1998; 1-15 Brown, N.. Palestine and Israel: Time for Plan B. Policy Brief, February 2009; No 78 http://carnegieendowment. org/publications/index. cfm? fa=viewid=22792prog=zgpproj=zme Carpenter,T. G. (2008). Smart Power: Toward a Prudent Foreign Policy for America. Cato Institute; 122 Daalder, I. H. , Gnesotto, N. , Gordon, P. H. (2006). Crescent of crisis: U. S. -European strategy f for the greater Middle East. Brookings Institution Press; 48 Greenstein, F. I. (2003). The George W. Bush presidency: an early assessment. JHU Press; 110-115 Rubenberg, C. (2003). The Palestinians: in search of a just peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers; 286-290

The Partner by John Grisham Essay -- The Partner by John Grisham

The Partner by John Grisham The Partner is one of John Grisham's best books by far! There was a little more description in The Partner, then in The Firm, but this one had a very slow intro. The book opened with an anonymous man living in Brazil under an unknown name. Patrick Lanigan, now known as Danilo Silva, was living a normal life, not making a big deal about the ninety million dollars he had stolen from his ex-law firm two years ago. Danilo is wanted by his ex-law firm buddies, his client from whom he stole the money, and from the FBI. The people that want him the most were the men hired by the client that lost the ninety million, and they were the ones he was afraid of. He knew if the FBI found him he’d be busted, but also safe, if the other thugs found him, he was dead, all they cared about was the money. One day while he was jogging Danilo is kidnapped and taken to a place where he is tortured with electricity and other devious objects. The FBI received a tip that Patrick Lanigan had been captured, and when the FBI found this team of hitmen, and took Patrick, he had already received burns on his skin and charred his flesh. When Danilo returns to his home town, he once again is Patrick Lanigan, and is forced to face up to all the things he has done in his past. The first thing he does is he gets himself a good lawyer, one he knew from his first life, an old buddy from college. A judge friend, the one who spoke at his funeral, also came to visit Patrick in the ho...

American value and health care policy

United States government has been concerned with the running of the health care to a point of establishing Medicare more than 40 years ago to facilitate the running of the health care institution. Since then, the government has had a role to play toward ensuring that American citizens get access to better health care facilities. There has been remarkable improvement in provision of health care for the last 50 years as the United States government has ensured that the quality of health care is enhanced, it’s more accessible and affordable to all people.Effective treatment of various diseases has been discovered due to the fact that the government has constantly been sponsoring researches to be carried out in molecular biology thereby enhancing the understanding of a number of diseases. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) State intervention toward the running and management of health care in United States lagged behind the intervention of Europe which was the first to b e concerned with the running of their health care systems.In the ancient days, clinical training and medical education in United States had not been standardized until the state intervened toward standardizing the health care institution at the end of the 19th century. A board that would license examination began to be formed in 1870’s and came to be in operation in 1898 in all states. Many people enrolled in the medical schools and by 1900, 10% of physicians who were practicing in America had graduated from the already established medical institutions following the establishment of the licensing examination board.Flexner Report and American Medical Association ensured more medical practitioners graduated from the already established medical institutions and in fact, 20 years later, all medical practitioners who were practicing in United States had graduated from these institutions. (Woolhandler, Campbell and Himmelstein, 2003) The government of United States also has facilit ated the provision of health care facilities in United States of America by ensuring there is a considerable national health insurance system.The history of national health insurance date back in 1915 when an association of about 3,500 professionals that included: lawyers, academicians and social scientists proposed the scheme. The American Association of labor Legislation drafted a bill that was proposing that the state to bring forward health legislation that would be compulsory. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) The government of has been very supportive on the issue of national health insurance scheme that would benefit the American citizens.A security Act was signed in1935 by then the president of United States of America President Roosevelt which brought about the issue of renewing the discussion of coming up with a governmental national insurance scheme. Later on, Senator Wagner attempted to introduce a bill that was meant to outline a federal health program that w ould serve all the American citizens in 1939. However, his efforts failed to bear fruits as the bill never gathered enough support that is required for enactment of a bill.The efforts of the legislator to come up with a bill that would facilitate the provision of health care did not end there. In early 1950’s during Truman administration, a health care bill was revived and this time as Ewing proposal. The bill despite being submitted to the congress for action and enactment, nothing was heard of it and those efforts did not bear any fruit. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) The role of the government on provision and running of health care systems in United States came to right in 1965 after President Lyndon Johnson signed a health bill thereby creating Medicare.Since then, provision of health care in United States has never been the same and all American citizens have had the access to better medical care within their reach. (Feldman, 2001) There has been significa nce growth of national health care and Medicare costs that are said to have been contributed by: ? Newly introduced diagnostic equipments and facilities. ? Increased population especially of the elderly people which is projected to increase to about 45 millions in ten year’s time. ? Administrative costs that are rapidly increasing. ? Advancement of medical technology which is advancing day by day, and? Advancement of surgical procedures such as hip replacement and coronary artery bypass. A number of medical equipments were discovered that have significantly added value to the overall provision of medical care in United States. These equipments have enabled health care facilities to offer efficient health care to the American citizens and these machines include: blue cross, respirator, dialysis machine and iron lung. These have enable provision of health care to show some improvement as they enabled diagnosis of diseases even to be faster. The government has been very supporti ve more so in the provision of funds toPurchase drugs. The budgetary cost of prescribed drugs has been increasing significantly of the years and in fact, provision of medical care is known be spending the highest share of the total national budgetary allocation. Statistics shows that drugs prescribed in 1980 were 6% and this increased in 2003 to 12%. It is projected that due to the increased population of the elderly, the budget allocation on Medicaid, entitlement of social security and Medicare is to increase and expenditure is estimated by 2025 to reach $4 trillion. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005)Although the government shows some willingness to provide affordable health care to all American, it is the high time the society should take a challenge of accepting national health care scheme that is provided and be ready to pay contribute toward it. They should also take the initiative of avoiding the administration and control therein by the awkward governmental and insu rance bureaucracy in the industry. It is the high time American citizens are supposed to advocate for provision of effective and efficient health care delivery that is accessible and affordable.(Woolhandler, Campbell and Himmelstein, 2003) The question medical practitioners need to ask themselves is whether they have a responsibility on caring for all American citizens who are ill. It is difficult for one to survive if he or she is unhealthy hence seeking health care by American citizens and any other human being is mandatory. Indeed if all American people are healthy, there will be increased productivity since everyone will be working toward building the national. This in turn increases tax that will be collected by the exchequer as result of increased productivity.As a result, it makes life even better since more funds will be allocated to various projects that are beneficial to the common citizens such as government health care, improving of transport network and provision of edu cation among other amenities. For this care, I would urge the federal government to continue allocating a high share of fund to Medicare when it comes to allocation of funds in the annual national budget. References Anderson, G. F. , Hussey, P. S, Frogner, B. F. , Waters, H. R.(2005): Health spending in the United States and the test of the industrialized world; Health Aff (Millwood) 2005; 24:908 –11 Feldman, R. D. (2001): American Health Care: Government, Market Processes, and the Public Interest. Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute Rothman, D. J. (1997). Beginnings Counts: The Technological Imperative in American Health Care: New York, Oxford University Press Woolhandler, S. Campbell, T. and Himmelstein, D. U. (2003): Costs of health care administration in the United States and Canada. N Engl J; Med 2003; 349:768 –75

Gymnastics

Wilson? If you are afraid of failure, you don't deserve success. (Nastia Liukin) ? To Become a CHAMPION: Take your worst event and make it your best†¦ AND THEN, take your worst event and make it your best†¦ AND THEN, take your worst event and make it your best†¦ (Gerald S. George, Ph. D. ) ? When you walk in the gym you leave everything behind. Its like a total diferent world, its your second family. We gymnast spend more time in the gym than with our parents. We do gymnastics not to please our family but to please ourselfs. (Angelina Soto – 12 years old gymnast) ?Hope is to wish you could do something. Faith is to believe you can do something. Courage is to get up there and do it because you know you can, you have no doubt about it. (Angelina Soto – 12 years old gymnast) ? I don't think anything is unrealistic if you believe you can do it. I think if you are determined enough and willing to pay the price, you can get it done. (Mike Ditka) ? The important thing in the Olympic Games is not winning but taking part. The essential thing in life is not conquering but fighting well. (Baron de Coubertin, The Olympic Creed) ?A life without purpose is a languid, drifting thing; Every day we ought to review our purpose, saying to ourselves: This day let me make a sound beginning, for what we have hitherto done is naught! (Thomas A. Kempis) ? You gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. (Eleanor Roosevelt) ? Enjoyment is not a goal, it is a feeling that accompanies important ongoing activity. (Paul Goodman) ? Great works are performed not by strength but by perseverance. (Samuel Johnson) ? Hard work and togetherness. They go hand in hand.You need the hard work because it's such a tough atmosphere†¦ to win week in and week out. You need togetherness because you don't always win, and you gotta hang though together. (Tony Dungy) ? â€Å"I can't do it† never yet accom plished anything: â€Å"I will try† has accomplished wonders. (George P. Burnham) ? Success doesn't â€Å"happen. † It is organized, preempted, captured, by consecrated common sense. (F. E. Willard) ? We can often do more for other men by trying to correct our own faults than by trying to correct theirs. (Francois Fenelon) ? A person is only as big as the dream they dare to live. Unknown) ? The sign of intelligent people is their ability to control emotions by the application of reason. (Marya Mannes) ? There are no shortcuts to any place worth going. (Beverly Sills) ? A professional is someone who can do his best work when he doesn't feel like it. (Alistair Cooke) ? Success doesn't come to you†¦ you go to it. (Marva Collins) ? Genius is one per cent inspiration, ninety-nine per cent perspiration. (Thomas A. Edison (1847 – 1931), Harper's Monthly, 1932) ? It's not the hours you put in your work that counts, it's the work you put in the hours. Sam Ewing) ? P eople forget how fast you did a job – but they remember how well you did it. (Howard Newton) ? The golden opportunity you are seeking is in yourself. It is not in your environment; it is not in luck or chance, or the help of other; it is in yourself alone. (Orison Swett Marden) ? I do not think there is any other quality so essential to success of any kind as the quality of perseverance. It overcomes almost everything, even nature. (John D. Rockefeller) ? Hard things are put in our way, not to stop us, but to call out our courage and strength. (Anonymous) ?I wasn't too good at vaulting, and I didn't have running speed and jumping power. (Mitsuo Tsukahara, JPN, Intl. Gymnast 11/82) ? The mind is perhaps one of the greatest factors in gymnastics; if one can't control his mind, he can't control his body. (William Meade, USA) ? A great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do. (Walter Bagehot) ? Every single element, even the most hair-raising, can be improved. (Dm itry Bilozerchev, URS, World Gymnastics 1983/4) ? Forget past mistakes. Forget failures. Forget everything except what you're going to do now and do it. William Durant, founder of General Motors) ? Most successful men have not achieved their distinction by having some new talent or opportunity presented to them. They have developed the opportunity that was at hand. (Bruce Barton) ? After a while, if you work on a certain move consistently then it doesn't seem so risky. The idea is that the move stays dangerous and it looks dangerous to my opponents – but it isn't to me. That is my secret. (Nadia Comaneci, ROM, The Illustrated History of Gymnastics) ? Destiny is not a matter of chance; it is a matter of choice.It is not something to be waited for; but, rather something to be achieved. (William Jennings Bryan) ? If you do the best you can, you will find, nine times out of ten, that you have done as well as or better than anyone else. (William Feather) ? Talent alone is not enou gh. I believe that a really good gymnast is 10% inspiration and 90% perspiration. (Vladislav Rastorotsky, URS) ? In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity. (Albert Einstein) ? Never mind what others do; do better than yourself, beat your own record from day to day, and you are a success. (William J.H. Boetcker) ? One time a French reporter asked me how I could do a cross so easily. I said, ‘You just lower your body down until your arms are straight out to the sides, then you stop. ‘ (Albert Azarian, URS, Intl. Gymnast, 05/94) ? The way to develop self-confidence is to do the thing you fear. (William Jennings Bryan) ? The price of success is perseverance. The price of failure comes cheaper. (Anonymous) ? We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give. (Norman MacFinan) ? I know how to smile, I know how to laugh, I know how to play.But I know how to do these things only after I have fulfilled my mission. (Nadia Comaneci, ROM, Time Magazine 1976) ? F ailure is only postponed success as long as courage â€Å"coaches† ambition. The habit of persistence is the habit of victory. (Herbert Kaufman) ? Victory is sweetest when you've known defeat. (Malcolm Forbes) ? A smooth sea never made a skilled mariner. (English proverb) ? The way to develop self-confidence is to do the thing you fear. (William Jennings Bryan) ? Never mind what others do; do better than yourself, beat your own record from day to day, and you are a success. (William J.H. Boetcker) ? If you do the best you can, you will find, nine times out of ten, that you have done as well as or better than anyone else. (William Feather) ? Forget past mistakes. Forget failures. Forget everything except what you're going to do now and do it. (William Durant, founder of General Motors) ? Nothing will ever be attempted, if all possible objections must first be overcome. (Samuel Johnson) ? Face your deficiencies and acknowledge them; but do not let them master you. Let them teac h you patience, sweetness, insight. (Helen Keller) ? What you can do, or think you can, begin it. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) ? The aim of an argument or discussion should not be victory, but progress. (Joseph Joubert) ? Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but rather we have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit. (Aristotle) ? Individual glory is insignificant when compared to victory achieved as a team. (Watertown – Mayer Gymnastics Team) ? What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us. (William Morrow) ?Aspire, break bounds. Endeavor to be good, and better still, best. (Robert Browning) ? Aim at the sun and you may not reach it; but your arrow will fly far higher than if you had aimed at an object on a level with yourself. (F. Hawes) ? One man practicing sportsmanship is far bett er than 50 preaching it. (Knute Rockne) ? The important thing is this: to be able at any moment to sacrifice what we are for what we could become. (Charles Du Bos) ? One must have the adventurous daring to accept oneself as a bundle of possibilities and undertake the most interesting game in the world – making the most of one's best. Harry Emerson Fosdick) ? Judgment comes from experience, and great judgment comes from bad experience. (Robert Packwood) ? Live your life each day as you would climb a mountain. An occasional glance towards the summit keeps the goal in mind, but many beautiful scenes are to be observed from each new vantage point. (Harold B. Melchart) ? Hold yourself responsible for a higher standard than anybody else expects of you. Never excuse yourself. Never pity yourself. Be a hard master to yourself – and be lenient to everybody else. (Henry Ward Beecher) ?No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work. (Mother Teresa ) ? Happiness lies in the joy of achievement and the thrill of creative effort. (Franklin D. Roosevelt) ? When someone does something good, applaud! You will make two people happy. (Samuel Goldwyn) ? There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, learning from failure. (Colin Powell) ? The great thing and the hard thing is to stick to things when you have outlived the first interest, and not yet got the second, which comes with a sort of mastery. Janet Erskine Stuart) ? The height of your accomplishments will equal the depth of your convictions. (William F. Scolavino) ? Genius is eternal patience. (Michelangelo) ? The gem cannot be polished without friction, nor man perfected without trials. (Chinese proverb) ? Human nature is not a machine to be built after a model, and set to do exactly the work prescribed for it, but a tree, which requires to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living t hing. John Stuart Mill) ? The greatest glory is not in never failing, but in rising up every time we fall. (Confucius) ? The way to get things done is not to mind who gets the credit for doing them. (Benjamin Jowett) ? Tough times never last. Tough people do. (Robert Schuller) ? There are many ways to measure success; not the least of which is the way your child describes you when talking to a friend. (Unknown) ? Life is an opportunity, benefit from it. Life is a beauty, admire it. Life is a dream, realize it. Life is a challenge, meet it.Life is a duty, complete it. Life is a game, play it. Life is a promise, fulfill it. Life is sorrow, overcome it. Life is a song, sing it. Life is a struggle, accept it. Life is a tragedy, confront it. Life is an adventure, dare it. Life is luck, make it. Life is life, fight for it! (Mother Teresa) ? Hope sees the invisible, feels the intangible, and achieves the impossible. (Anonymous) ? Life is short †¦ live it. Love is rare †¦ grab it. Anger is bad †¦ dump it. Fear is awful †¦ face it. Memories are sweet †¦ cherish it!

Paperboard Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essays

Paperboard Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essays Paperboard Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Paperboard Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Paperboard Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Paperboard is a thick paper based material which is much thicker than paper. Paperboard can be single or multi-ply. It is light in weight and can be easily cut and formed. Cardboard is the generic name for paperboard. It is used for packaging and graphic printing such as book, postcards and magazine covers among others. Paperboards are used for packaging of baked goods, dry fruits, and confectionaries among others. In addition, it is used in creating sculptures. There are various types of paperboards such as folding boxboard, chipboard, kraftboard, white lined chipboard and binder’s board among others.Visit Complete Report Here: marketresearchreports.biz/analysis-details/paperboard-market-global-industry-analysis-size-share-growth-trends-and-forecast-2013-2019 Fibrous material such as wood or recycled waste paper is converted into pulp and then it is chemic ally processed by bleaching. It is then coated for improved visual appearance. The demand for paperboard in packaging is expected to grow exponentially in the next few years as paper made from wood-fiber is fully biodegradable in the environment. Paperboard is often used as an outer web in laminations to give body to a package. There are different types of papers used for packaging such as handmade paper and kraft paper among others. These different types of paperboards are used for packaging of baked goods, dry fruits, and confectionaries among others. Growing population in developing countries such as India and China, demand for packaged food and increasing awareness of environmental issues is expected to boost the paperboard in packaging in the next few years. Increasing consumer demand for biodegradable packaging material due to rising awareness regarding ecology conservation is expected to boost the demand for paperboard over the next six years. In addition, paperboard has been

How to Cite a Journal Article in MHRA Referencing

How to Cite a Journal Article in MHRA Referencing How to Cite a Journal Article in MHRA Referencing Since â€Å"MHRA† stands for Modern Humanities Research Association, it won’t surprise you to learn that MHRA referencing is used in the humanities. And if you’re studying a subject like English language or literature, knowing how to cite a journal article in MHRA referencing is wise. Luckily, that’s what we explain in this very blog post! How to Cite a Journal Article in MHRA When citing a journal article in an  essay, you should indicate footnotes with superscript numbers in the text. For instance: Footnote numbers usually go at the end of a sentence.1 In the accompanying footnote, the format to use for a journal article is: n. Author Name(s), â€Å"Article Title,† Journal, volume (year), page range (page number). â€Å"Page range† here refers to the complete page range for the article, while â€Å"page number† is the specific page cited. Only the latter is preceded by â€Å"p.† For example, we could cite a journal article as follows: 1. Joan M. Herbers, â€Å"Time Resources and Laziness in Animals,† Oecologia, 49 (1981), 252-62 (p. 260). If citing an online article that is only available electronically or differs from the print version, give a URL/DOI and date of access instead of a page range: 2. Laverne Jones, Stuart Cox, and Polly W. Brecon, â€Å"Sleepy Town: Why Are You Always Tired?,† Somnambulant Studies, 6 (2008), https://www.jstor.org/stable/3058956 [accessed 12 March 2017] (p. 129). However, if an online article is identical to the print version, you can simply cite it in the same way. No extra details are required. Repeat Citations If citing the same article more than once, give a shortened citation in subsequent footnotes. The format for this will depend on whether you are citing the same source consecutively: For consecutive citations, use â€Å"ibid.† plus a page number for the new citation (if different from the previous one). For non-consecutive citations, use the author’s surname and a page number for the new citation. If you have cited more than one source by the same author, include a shortened article title as well. In practice, then, we would format repeat citations in MHRA as follows: 1. Joan M. Herbers, â€Å"Time Resources and Laziness in Animals,† Oecologia, 49 (1981), 252-62 (p.260). 2. Ibid., p. 258. 3. Joan M. Herbers, â€Å"On Caste Ratios in Ant Colonies: Population Responses to Changing Environments,† Evolution, 34 (1980), 575-85 (pp. 576-7). 4. Herbers, â€Å"Time Resources and Laziness in Animals,† p. 262. Here, citations 1, 2 and 4 are all for the journal article â€Å"Time Resources and Laziness in Animals.† We use â€Å"ibid.† in footnote 2 because it is a consecutive citation of the same source. And we use the author’s surname plus title in footnote 4 because it is a non-consecutive repeat citation. Journal Articles in an MHRA Bibliography When listing sources in your bibliography, make sure to include full publication information. The format to use for a print journal article is: Surname, First Name, â€Å"Article Title,† Journal, volume (year), page range This is similar to the first footnote, but with the first listed author’s names reversed and no period. With online articles, the URL/DOI and a date of access are given instead of a page range: Surname, First Name, â€Å"Article Title,† Journal, volume (year), URL/DOI [date of access] In practice, this would look something like the following: Herbers, Joan M., â€Å"Time Resources and Laziness in Animals,† Oecologia, 49 (1981), 252-62 Jones, Laverne, Stuart Cox, and Polly W. Brecon, â€Å"Sleepy Town: Why Are You Always Tired?,† Somnambulant Studies, 6 (2008), https://www.jstor.org/stable/3058956 [accessed 12 March 2017] As with footnotes, though, if online articles are also available in print, you can usually cite them in the same way you would a print article (check your style guide if you’re unsure about this). And if you’d like anyone to check the referencing in your document, submit it for proofreading today.

Critical Action Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Action Learning - Essay Example In this paper, I will discuss the process of critical action learning to achieve enhanced understanding and potential resolution of the work based problem with strong focus on ethical issues and morality. The paper shows how critical action learning has been applied to enhance CSR in my organization. Key words: action, critical, ethical and learning Introduction In week one, I discussed the problem that our organization was facing in the implementation and practicing of the social responsibility. There was apathy in the employee participation on the issues that concerned corporate social responsibility. As a middle management manager, I was tasked with ensuring that corporate social responsibility was enhanced in our organization and that we could increase employee retention through the practices of CSR (Cox, Geotte, & Young, 2005). The following paper provides how action learning was used in our organization to address the issues relating to organizational management in relation to the top management, middle management and employees. The corporate social responsibility was the major issue discussed in the paper. ... al responsibility in a business organization is the process of social responsibility, policies, programs and observable outcomes in relation to the businesses social relationship. The CSR can lead to increased reputation for the business. The corporate social responsibility therefore implies to the social behavior of business towards it stakeholders (Heal, 2008). The stakeholders in this case refer to the community members. Companies that are socially responsible in making profits also contribute to some aspects of giving back to the community in the spheres of social development. According to Heal (2008), the corporate social responsibility is the concept in which companies integrate social and environmental concerns in the organizations’ operations and in their interactions with the community on voluntary basis. Our company needed to ensure the CSR was supported by all employees, as this could steer our company image forward, which translates to trust and more business. Acti on learning was incorporated to enhance the understanding and acceptance of the CSR in our organization (Ferrell & Ferrell, 2012). Action learning is an educational process in which people in an organization work together by tackling the problems affecting their organization and reflecting on their actions (Masquardit, 2004). In action learning, the learners acquire the understanding of the required ethics and practices through actions they engage in rather than being instructed. The results achieved in the daily actions serve as the motivations for increased participation. According to Masquardit (2004), action learning is a major factor in developing competence among individuals and teams in the problem solving and in the process of making decision in an organization. In my case of enhancing